I-cocoa ixhaphake kakhuluitshokolethikwaye ineenzuzo ezahlukeneyo zesondlo ezinokuqinisekisa iimpawu ezintle zempilo.Ibhontshisi ye-cocoa ngumthombo wengozi we-polyphenols yokutya, equkethe i-antioxidant yokugqibela kunokutya okuninzi.Kuyaziwa ukuba i-polyphenols inxulunyaniswa neziphumo zempilo eziluncedo, ngoko ke i-cocoa isisityebi kwi-polyphenols, kunye netshokholethi emnyama, equlethe ipesenti ephezulu yecocoa kunye ne-antioxidants ephezulu yeekhompawundi ezinxulumene nezinye iintlobo zetshokholethi, ithathele ingqalelo ukubaluleka okukhulu kwimpilo.

Imiba yezondlo ze-cocoa

I-cocoa iqulethe inani elibalulekileyo lamafutha, ~ 40 -50% equlethwe kwibhotela ye-cocoa.Oku kuqulethwe yi-33% ye-oleic acid, i-25% ye-palmitic acid, kunye ne-33% ye-stearic acid.Isiqulatho se-polyphenol simalunga ne-10% yobunzima obomileyo bembotyi.I-polyphenols equkethe i-cocoa iquka i-catechins (37%), i-anthocyanidins (4%), kunye ne-proanthocyanins (58%).Iproanthocyanins yeyona phytonutrient ixhaphakileyo kwicocoa.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ubukrakra be-polyphenols sizathu sokuba iimbotyi ze-cocoa ezingaxutywanga azinambitheka;abavelisi baye baphuhlisa ubuchule bokulungisa ukuphelisa obu bukrakra.Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo iyancipha ngokuphawulekayo umxholo we-polyphenol.Umxholo we-polyphenol unokuthotywa ukuya kutsho ngokuphindwe kalishumi.

Iimbotyi ze-cocoa nazo zineekhompawundi zenitrogen-ezi ziquka zombini iiprotheyini kunye ne-methylxanthines, ezizezi, theobromine kunye necaffeine.I-cocoa nayo ityebile kwiiminerali, i-phosphorus, isinyithi, i-potassium, ithusi kunye ne-magnesium.

Iziphumo zentliziyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa

i-cocoa ifakwe kakhulu ngendlela yetshokolethi;Ukusetyenziswa kwetshokholethi kubone ukonyuka kwamva nje kwihlabathi jikelele, kunye netshokholethi emnyama isiya ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokugcwala kwayo kwekoko kunye neziphumo eziluncedo zempilo ezihambelana nesiqhelo okanye itshokholethi yobisi.Ukongeza, yiza kwiitshokolethi ezinomxholo ophantsi wecocoa onje ngetshokholethi yobisi zihlala zinxulunyaniswa neziganeko ezimbi ngenxa yeswekile ephezulu kunye nomxholo wamafutha.

Ngokuphathelele ukutya i-cocoa, i-tshokoleta emnyama yinto ephambili yokutya kwe-cocoa ehambelana nemiphumo yokukhuthaza impilo;i-cocoa kwimo yayo ekrwada ayinancasa.

Kukho uluhlu lwemiphumo enenzuzo kwinkqubo ye-cardiovascular system ehambelana nokutya okuqhelekileyo kwe-cocoa-containing foods kunye neziselo ezi ziphumo zibandakanya uxinzelelo lwegazi, i-vascular and platelet function, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-insulin.

Iipolyphenols, ezikhoyo kwiindawo eziphezulu kwi-cocoa kunye netshokolethi emnyama, zinokuvula i-endothelial nitrogen oxide synthase.Oku kukhokelela ekuveliseni initrogen oxide, ethoba uxinzelelo lwegazi ngokukhuthaza i-vasodilation.Uphononongo lubonise ukuphucuka kwisantya se-pulse wave kunye ne-sclerotic score index.Ngaphezu koko, ukugxilwa okukhulu kwe-plasma epicatechins kunceda ekukhululweni kwe-endothelium-derived vasodilators kunye nokwandisa ukuxinwa kwe-plasma procyanidins.Oku kukhokelela kwimveliso enkulu ye-nitrogen oxide, kunye ne-bioavailability yayo.

Emva kokuba ikhutshwe, i-nitrogen oxide iphinda isebenze indlela ye-prostacyclin synthesis, esebenza njenge-vasodilator kwaye inegalelo ekukhuseleni kwi-thrombosis.

Ukuphononongwa kwenkqubo kucebise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwetshokolethi rhoqo, ukulinganisa <100g / ngeveki, kunokudibaniswa nomngcipheko wokunciphisa isifo senhliziyo;idosi efanelekileyo kakhulu yetshokolethi yayingu-45g / ngeveki, njengoko kumanqanaba aphezulu okusetyenziswa, ezi ziphumo zempilo zinokuchaswa ngokusetyenziswa kweswekile ephakamileyo.

Ngokubhekiselele kwiindlela ezithile zesifo se-cardiovascular disease, uphando olulindelekileyo lwaseSweden ludibanise ukusetyenziswa kwetshokolethi kunye nomngcipheko oncitshisiweyo we-myocardial infarction kunye nesifo senhliziyo ye-ischemic.Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kobudlelwane phakathi kwetshokolethi yokutya kunye nomngcipheko we-fibrillation ye-atrial kuye kwabikwa kwiqela lamagqirha angamadoda ase-United States.Ecaleni koku, uphononongo olusekelwe kuluntu lwabathathi-nxaxheba be-20,192 aluphumelelanga ukubonisa unxulumano phakathi kwe-chocolate ephezulu yokutya (ukuya kwi-100 g / ngosuku) kunye nesiganeko sokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo.

I-cocoa nayo ibonakaliswe ukuba idlala indima ekuphatheni iimeko ze-cerebral ezifana ne-stroke;iJapan enkulu, esekwe kubemi, uphononongo olulindelekileyo lulinganise umanyano phakathi komngcipheko ophantsi wokubetha kwabasetyhini, kodwa hayi amadoda, malunga nokusetyenziswa kwetshokholethi.

Impembelelo yokusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa kwi-glucose homeostasis

I-cocoa iqulethe i-flavanols ephucula i-glucose homeostasis.Bangakwazi ukucothisa ukugaya i-carbohydrate kunye nokufunxa emathunjini, okwenza isiseko somatshini wesenzo sabo.I-Cocoa extracts kunye ne-procyanidins ziye zaboniswa kwi-dose-dependent inhibit pancreatic α-amylase, pancreatic lipase, kunye ne-secreted phospholipase A2.

I-cocoa kunye ne-flavanols yayo iphinde yaphucula ukungabonakali kwe-glucose ngokulawula ukuthuthwa kwe-glucose kunye ne-insulin ebonisa iiprotheyini kwii-insulin-sensitive tissues ezifana nesibindi, i-adipose tissue, kunye ne-skeletal muscle.Oku kuthintela umonakalo oxidative kunye nokuvuvukala okuhambelana nohlobo lwe-2 yeswekile.

Iziphumo ezivela kwi-Physician Health Study ziye zabika kwakhona ubudlelwane obuphambeneyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa kunye nesiganeko sesifo sikashukela.Kwiqela lezifundo ezininzi, umngcipheko ophantsi wokuphuhlisa uhlobo lwe-2 yeswekile ufunyenwe, kunye nokuthathwa okuphezulu kweemveliso zetshokolethi kunye ne-cocoa-derived flavonoids.

Ngaphaya koko, kuphononongo olulindelekileyo kubasetyhini abakhulelweyo baseJapan nabo babonakalise umngcipheko oncitshisiweyo wesifo seswekile sokukhulelwa phakathi kwabo basetyhini bakwesona siqingatha siphezulu sokusela itshokholethi.

Olunye uphononongo olubonisa umanyano lwecocoa kunye neglucose homeostasis lubonise ukuba icocoa extracts kunye neprocyanidins zithintela ukuveliswa kweeenzymes zokwetyisa iicarbohydrates kunye nelipids, nto leyo ebonisa indima ebambekayo kulawulo lobunzima bomzimba ngokudibana nokutya okunekhalori encitshisiweyo. .

Ngaphezu koko, i-single-blind, i-randomized placebo-controlled controlled crossover study ibonise izibonelelo ze-metabolic zokusebenzisa i-polyphenol-rich chocolate ye-polyphenol kunye nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho iziphumo ezibi ezinokwenzeka ngee-polyphenol-poor-poor chocolates.

Impembelelo yokusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa kumhlaza

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa okusebenzayo kumhlaza kuyaphikisana.Uphononongo lwangaphambili lucebise ukuba ukutya kwetshokolethi kunokuba yinto ephambili ekuphuhliseni umhlaza we-colorectal kunye nomhlaza wamabele.Nangona kunjalo ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba i-cocoa inokuthintela ukukhula kweeseli zomhlazai-In vitro;ngaphandle koku, iindlela zalo msebenzi wokuchasana nomhlaza aziqondwa kakuhle.

Ngokumalunga necandelo elisebenzayo kwicocoa elivelisa iziphumo ezichasene nomhlaza, iiprocyanidins zibonakaliswe ukunciphisa izehlo kunye nobuninzi bomhlaza wemiphunga kunye nokunciphisa ubukhulu be-thyroid adenoma kwiimpuku zamadoda.Ezi khompawundi zinokunqanda i-mammary kunye ne-pancreatic tumorigenesis kwiimpuku zabasetyhini.I-Cocoa procyanidins ikwanciphisa umsebenzi ohambelana ne-tumor-associated activities ezifana ne-tumor vascular endothelial growth factor activity kunye nomsebenzi we-angiogenic.

Unyango lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemigca yeeseli zomhlaza we-ovarian kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zecocoa ezityebileyo kwiprocyanidin zibonakaliswe ukuba zibangele i-cytotoxicity kunye ne-chemosensitization.Ngokucacileyo, ipesenti ebalulekileyo yeeseli kwisigaba se-G0 / G1 somjikelezo weseli kunye noxinzelelo olukhulayo.Ukongeza koku, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeeseli nazo zabanjwa kwisigaba S.Ezi ziphumo kucingelwa ukuba zibalelwa kumanqanaba okwanda kwe-intracellular yeentlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo.

Izifundo ezininzi ziye zabonisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ze-cocoa kumngcipheko kunye nokusasazeka komhlaza.I-cocoa polyphenols ibonakaliswe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezichasene ne-antiproliferative ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-polyamine metabolism kwii-In vitroizifundo zabantu.Kwikwi vivoUphononongo lweempuku iproanthocyanidins ekhoyo kwitshokholethi emnyama ibonakaliswe ukuba inqanda ukuguquka kwe-pancreatic cancers kwinqanaba lokuqalisa kunye nokwenza iziphumo ze-chemoprotective kwimiphunga, ukunciphisa izehlo kunye nokusasazeka kwe-carcinomas ngendlela exhomekeke kwithamo.

Ukumisela umphumo opheleleyo we-cocoa kumngcipheko wokunciphisa umngcipheko okanye ubunzima bomhlaza, ukuguqulelwa okuqhubekayo kunye nezifundo ezizayo ziyimfuneko.

Impembelelo ye-cocoa kwi-immune system

Uphononongo malunga neziphumo zokhuselo lomzimba ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa okanye itshokolethi ibonise ukuba ukutya okutyetyisiweyo kwe-cocoa kunokulungelelanisa iimpendulo zamathumbu amathumbu kwiimpuku ezincinci.Ngokukodwa, i-theobromine kunye ne-cocoa zibonakaliswe ukuba zinoxanduva lokugxilwa kwenkqubo ye-antibody yamathumbu kunye nokuguqula ukubunjwa kwe-lymphocyte kwiimpuku ezincinci eziphilileyo.

Kuphononongo lwabantu, uphononongo olungacwangciswanga lwe-double blind-blind crossover lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwetshokholethi emnyama kuphucule izinto zokuncamathela i-leukocyte kunye nokusebenza kwemithambo emadodeni atyebe kakhulu.Ngaphezu koko, abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-cross-sectional, i-observational, isifundo sabantu abasebenzisa i-cocoa ngokumodareyitha bafunyenwe benokunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kwezifo ezingapheliyo xa kuthelekiswa nabathengi abaphantsi.Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa kwakudibaniswe ngokungafaniyo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kunye nokusebenza komzimba.

Umphumo wecocoa kubunzima bomzimba

Ngokuchaseneyo, kukho unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa kunye nendima yayo enokubakho njengomlinganiselo wonyango ngokuchasene nokukhuluphala kunye nesifo se-metabolic syndrome.Oku kuvela ezininzii-In vitroiimpuku kunye nezifundo zeempuku kunye nolingo lolawulo olungakhethi buso, abantu abalindelekileyo, kunye nezifundo zolawulo lwetyala ebantwini.

Kwiimpuku kunye neempuku, iimpuku ezityebileyo ezongezwe ngekoko zanciphisa izehlo zokudumba okunxulumene nokutyeba, isifo sesibindi esinamafutha, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-insulin.Ukufakwa kwe-cocoa kwakhona kunciphisa i-fatty acid synthesis kunye nokuthutha kwisibindi kunye nezicubu ze-adipose.

Ebantwini, ivumba okanye ukungeniswa kwetshokholethi emnyama kunokutshintsha indlala, ukucinezela ukutya ngenxa yotshintsho kwi-ghrelin, ihomoni ejongene neemvakalelo zendlala.Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwetshokholethi emnyama kunokuchaphazela ngokufanelekileyo amanqanaba e-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ('elungileyo' cholesterol), umlinganiselo wee-lipoproteins, kunye neempawu zokudumba;iziphumo ezifanayo zabonwa xa ukusetyenziswa kwetshokolethi emnyama ngokudibanisa nealmonds, kwaboniswa ukuphucula iiprofayili zelipid egazini.

Ngokubanzi, i-cocoa kunye neemveliso zayo ezinokusebenza njengokutya okusebenzayo njengoko ziqulethe iikhompawundi ezininzi ezivelisa inzuzo yezempilo.Inzuzo yayo yempilo entle ichaphazela amajoni omzimba, i-cardiovascular, kunye ne-metabolic systems ukubala ezimbalwa.Ukongezelela, izifundo zibonise imiphumo emihle yokusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa kwinkqubo ye-nervous central.

Kukho imida kunye nezifundo ezenzelwe ukuphanda umphumo we-cocoa - ezizezi, ukuba zivavanya iipropathi zokukhuthaza impilo ye-cocoa kwaye hayi itshokolethi ngokwayo.Oku kuphawuleka njengoko i-cocoa ityiwa kakhulu ngohlobo lwetshokholethi, iprofayili yayo yezondlo yahlukile kuleyo yekoko.Ngaloo ndlela, indima yetshokholethi kwimpilo yabantu ayifani ngokupheleleyo naleyo yekoko.

Eminye imida ibandakanya ukunqongophala okunxulumene nezifundo ze-epidemiological ezivavanya iziphumo zezempilo zekoko ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo - ezizezi itshokolethi emnyama eyanda ekuthandeni.Ngaphaya koko, kukho izinto ezininzi ezibhidayo ezifana namanye amacandelo okutya, ukuvezwa kwendalo, indlela yokuphila, kunye nomthamo wokusetyenziswa kwetshokolethi, kunye nokwakheka kwayo okunciphisa amandla obungqina obuvezwa zizifundo.

Uphononongo olongezelelweyo loguqulo luyimfuneko ukufumanisa iziphumo ezinokubakho zokusela ikokho, kunye netshokholethi kunye nokuqinisekisa iziphumo eziboniswe kwi-in vitro tests kwizilwanyana.