Itshokholethiibingasoloko iyinto emnandi: kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, ibisisiselo esikrakrayo, isiselo esinxilisayo esineziqholo, kunye nophawu lobuhandiba.Ivuse iingxoxo zenkolo, idliwe ngamagorha, kwaye ilinywa ngamakhoboka nabantwana.
So siphume njani apha kude kube namhlanje?Makhe sijonge ngokufutshane kwimbali yokusetyenziswa kwetshokolethi kwihlabathi jikelele.
Luxury ubisi itshokolethi eshushu.
IMVELAPHI IINGONGOMA
Ikofu ineKaldi.Itshokholethi inoothixo.Kwiintsomi zaseMayan, iNyoka ePlumed yanika abantu i-cocoo emva kokuba oothixo bayifumene entabeni.Ngelo xesha, kwintsomi yama-Aztec, nguQuetzalcoatl owawunika abantu emva kokuwufumana entabeni.
Kukho iiyantlukwano kwezi ntsomi, nangona kunjalo.I-Museu de la Xocolata e-Barcelona irekhoda ibali lenkosazana umyeni wayo wammangalela ngokukhusela umhlaba wakhe kunye nobutyebi ngelixa engekho.Zathi zakufika iintshaba zakhe, zambetha kodwa akazange achaze apho ubutyebi bakhe bufihlwe khona.I-Quetzalcoatl yakubona oku kwaye yajika igazi layo kumthi we-cocoa, kwaye, bathi, yiloo nto isiqhamo sikrakra, "sinamandla njengokulunga", kwaye sibomvu njengegazi.
Inye into eqinisekileyo: ingakhathaliseki imvelaphi yayo, imbali yetshokolethi inxulunyaniswa negazi, ukufa kunye nonqulo.
Duffy's 72% itshokolethi emnyama yaseHonduran.
INKONZO, URHWEBO, & NEMFAZWE EMESOAMERICA
I-cocoa yayirhweba kwaye ityiwa kuyo yonke iMesoamerica yakudala, eyona nto idumileyo, iimbotyi zikwasetyenziswa njengemali.
Isiselo – esasenziwa ngokubanzi ngomhlaba kwaye sigcadiwe iimbotyi zekhokho, itshili, ivanilla, ezinye izinongo, ngamanye amaxesha umbona, kwaye kunqabile kakhulu ubusi, phambi kokuba kubiliswe - sasikrakra kwaye sivuselela.Ulibale ngekomityi yasebusuku yekoko: esi yayisiselo samajoni.Kwaye ndithetha ukuba ngokoqobo: UMontezuma II, umbusi wokugqibela wama-Aztec, walawula ukuba kuphela amaqhawe anokuyisela.(Ngaphantsi kwabalawuli bangaphambili, nangona kunjalo, ama-Aztec ayeza kuyisela emitshatweni.)
IiOlmec, enye yezona mpucuko zakuqala kulo mmandla, azinayo imbali ebhaliweyo kodwa imikhondo yecocoa ifunyenwe kwiimbiza abazishiya ngasemva.Emva kwexesha, iSmithsonian Mag inika ingxelo yokuba amaMayans asebenzise isiselo "njengokutya okungcwele, uphawu lodumo, indawo esentlalweni, kunye nelitye lenkcubeko".
UCarol Off ulanda ubudlelwane beMayan phakathi kwekoko, oothixo kunye negaziItshokholethi ekrakra: Ukuphanda icala elimnyama lelona hlabathi limnandi linomtsalane, echaza indlela oothixo ababefanekiselwa ngayo benecocoa pod bade bafefe ngegazi labo kwisivuno sekoko.
Iimbotyi zekoko.
Ngokufanayo, uGqr Simon Martin uhlalutya izinto zakudala zaseMayanItshokholethi eMesoamerica: Imbali yeNkcubeko yeCacao (2006)ukukrwelela amakhonkco phakathi kokufa, ubomi, inkolo, kunye norhwebo ngetshokholethi.
Ubhala athi, xa uThixo wombona woyiswa ngoothixo basemhlabeni, wawushiya umzimba wakhe waza wakhula umthi wekoko, phakathi kwezinye izityalo.Inkokeli yoothixo bomhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba, eyathi ngoko yawuhlutha umthi wekoko, iboniswa nomthi kunye nepakethe yomthengisi.Kamva, umthi wekoko wahlangulwa kuthixo wehlabathi elingaphantsi komhlaba waza uthixo wombona wazalwa ngokutsha.
Indlela esibujonga ngayo ubomi nokufa ayisiyiyo indlela amaMayans amandulo awayeyijonga ngayo, kunjalo.Ngelixa sinxulumanisa i-underworld nesihogo, abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba iinkcubeko zamandulo zaseMesoamerican zaziyijonga njengendawo engathathi hlangothi.Nangona kunjalo unxibelelwano phakathi kwecocoa kunye nokufa akunakuphikiswa.
Kuzo zombini amaxesha amaMayan kunye nama-Aztec, imibingelelo nayo yanikwa itshokolethi ngaphambi kokuba baye ekufeni kwabo (uCarol Off, uChloe Doutre-Roussel).Enyanisweni, ngokutsho kukaBee Wilson, “kwisithethe sama-Aztec, ikhokao yayisisikweko sentliziyo ekrazulwe ngumbingelelo—imbewu engaphakathi komdumba kwakucingelwa ukuba ifana negazi eliphuma emzimbeni womntu.Ngamanye amaxesha iziselo zetshokholethi zazidaywa zibebomvu-gazi nge-annatto ukubethelela ingongoma.”
Ngokufanayo, u-Amanda Fiegl ubhala kwi-Smithsonian Magazine ukuba, kwi-Mayans kunye nama-Aztec, i-cocoo yayibotshelelwe ekuzalweni komntwana - umzuzwana udibaniswa ngokungenakulinganiswa negazi, ukufa, kunye nokuzala.
Imbali yokuqala yokusetyenziswa kwe-cocoa ayizange ibone itshokolethi njengekhefu lekhefu leti okanye ulonwabo olunetyala.Kwiinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican ezikhulayo, ukurhweba, kunye nokusela esi siselo, yayiyimveliso enentsingiselo enkulu yenkolo nenkcubeko.
Iimbotyi zeCacao kunye nebha yetshokolethi.
AMAVA E-EUROPE NGEZIMBO ZETSHOKOLETI
Noko ke, xa ikoko yafika eYurophu, izinto zatshintsha.Yayiseyimveliso yodidi, yaye ngamathub’ athile yayivusa iingxoxo zonqulo, kodwa yayingasanxulumani nobomi nokufa.
UStephen T Beckett ubhala kwiInzululwazi yeTshokolethiukuba, nangona uColumbus wazisa ezinye iimbotyi cacao emva eYurophu “njengoko umdla”, kwaba de kwaba 1520s ukuba uHernán Cortés wazisa isiselo eSpain.
Kwaye kwada kwaba ngoo-1600s apho yasasazeka kwiYurophu iphela - ngokufuthi ngomtshato wamakhosazana aseSpain kubalawuli bamazwe angaphandle.Ngokutsho kweMuseu de la Xocolata, omnye ukumkanikazi waseFransi wayegcina isicakakazi esiqeqeshelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukwenza itshokolethi.IVienna yaba nedumela ngetshokholethi eshushu kunye nekeyiki yetshokholethi, ngelixa kwezinye iindawo, yanikelwa ngamagaqa omkhenkce kunye nekhephu.
Izitayile zaseYurophu ngeli xesha zinokwahlulwa ngokwezithethe ezibini: isitayile saseSpain okanye saseTaliyane apho itshokholethi eshushu yayingqindilili kwaye iyiraphu (itshokholethi engqindilili enechurros) okanye isiFrentshi apho yayibhityile (cinga ngetshokholethi yakho eshushu yomgubo).
Ubisi longezwa kwi-concoction, eyayisekwimo yolwelo, mhlawumbi ekupheleni kwe-1600 okanye i-1700s yokuqala (imithombo yengxoxo ingaba nguNicholas Sanders okanye uHans Sloane, kodwa nabani na, kubonakala ukuba uKumkani waseNgilani uGeorge II wavuma).
Ekugqibeleni, itshokholethi yajoyina ikofu kunye neti ekubeni neendawo zokusela ezizinikeleyo: indlu yokuqala yetshokolethi, uMthi weCocoa, yavulwa eNgilani ngo-1654.
Itshokholethi yesiNtu enechurros eBadalona, eSpain.
IINGXABANO NGEZENQULO NEZOLUNTU
Nangona itshokholethi ithandwa ngabantu abaphezulu baseYurophu, isiselo sisaphembelela ingxoxo.
Ngokutsho kweMuseu de la Xocolata, i-convents yaseSpain yayingaqinisekanga ukuba ingaba kukutya - kwaye ngoko ke ingaba ingadliwa ngexesha lokuzila ukutya.(U-Beckett uthi omnye upapa walawula ukuba kwakulungile ukutya kuba kwakubuhlungu kakhulu.)
Ekuqaleni, uWilliam Gervase Clarence-Smith ubhala kuyoIkokho kunye neChocolate, 1765-1914, amaProtestanti “ayekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwetshokolethi njengenye indlela yotywala”.Kodwa njengoko ixesha leBaroque laphela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1700, kwaqala umva.Esi siselo sanxulunyaniswa "nabefundisi abangasebenziyo kunye nezihandiba zamaKatolika kunye nolawulo olupheleleyo".
Ngeli xesha, kwakukho isiphithiphithi samakhaya kunye nezidubedube kwiYurophu yonke, ukusuka kwiNguqulelo yaseFransi ukuya kwiMfazwe yaBantu.IiMfazwe Zamakhaya zamaNgesi, ezabona amaKatolika nabalawuli bookumkani besilwa namaProtestanti namalungu ePalamente, zazisele ziphelile kungekudala.Umahluko phakathi kwendlela itshokolethi kunye nekofu, okanye itshokolethi kunye neti, eziye zabonwa zifanekisela olu xinzelelo lwentlalo.
Ikhekhe letshokholethi eNtofontofo.
I-AMERIKA YAMHLANJE kunye ne-ASIA
Okwangoku, eLatin America, ukusetyenziswa kwetshokholethi kwahlala kusisiseko sobomi bemihla ngemihla.UClarence-Smith ubhala malunga nendlela uninzi lommandla olutya ngayo itshokolethi rhoqo.Ngokungafaniyo neYurophu, uyachaza, yayisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, ngakumbi phakathi koluntu oluhlwempuzekileyo.
Itshokolethi yayiselwa ukuya kutsho kane ngemini.EMexico,imole poblanoibiyinkukhu ephekwe nge chocolate kunye ne chilli.EGuatemala, yayiyinxalenye yesidlo sakusasa.IVenezuela isela isiqingatha sekota yesivuno sayo sekoko minyaka le.ULima wayenombutho wabenzi beetshokolethi.Abantu abaninzi baseMbindi baseMelika baqhubeka besebenzisa i-cocoo njengemali.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo norhwebo lwekofu kunye neti, itshokholethi yazabalaza ukuba ingene eAsia.Ngelixa idumile kwiiPhilippines, uClarence-Smith ubhala ukuba kwenye indawo ayiphumelelanga ukuguqula abasela.Iti yayithandwa kuMbindi naseMpuma Asia, kuMntla Afrika, nakwindawo eyayiyiPersi ngoko.Ikofu yayithandwa kumazwe amaSilamsi, kubandakanywa uninzi lwaseMzantsi kunye noMzantsi-mpuma Asia.
Ibhinqa liyalungiselelaimole poblano.
Ngaphaya eYurophu, njengoko inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yafika, itshokolethi ekugqibeleni yaqala ukuphulukana nodumo lwayo oluphezulu.
Iiworkshops zetshokholethi zoomatshini bezikhona ukusukela ngo-1777, xa enye yavulwa e-Barcelona.Ngelixa itshokholethi ngoku yayiveliswa ngokomlinganiselo omkhulu, umsebenzi onzima owuthathileyo kunye neerhafu eziphezulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu isawugcina uyimveliso yodidi oluphezulu.
Konke oku kwatshintsha, nangona kunjalo, ngomatshini we-cocoa, owavula indlela yokulungiswa okukhulu.Ngo-1819, iSwitzerland yaqala ukuvelisa iifektri zetshokholethi ezinkulu kwaye emva koko ngo-1828, umgubo wekoko waqanjwa nguCoenraad Johannes van Houten waseNetherlands.Oku kwavumela i-JS Fry & Sons yaseNgilani ukuba yenze i-chocolate bar yokuqala yanamhlanje etyiwayo ngo-1847 - abayenza besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-injini yomphunga.
Izikwere zetshokholethi emnyama.
Kungekudala emva koko, u-Beckett ubhala ukuba uHenry Nestlé kunye noDaniel Peter bongeze ifomula yobisi olujikisiweyo ukwenza itshokholethi yobisi ethandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngeli xesha, itshokholethi yayisele incinci.Noko ke, ngowe-1880, uRodolphe Lindt wavelisa iconche, isixhobo sokwenza itshokholethi egudileyo nengenamvandenzi kangako.I-Conching ihlala isiteji esikhulu kwimveliso yetshokolethi kuze kube namhlanje.
Iinkampani ezinje ngoMars noHershey zakhawuleza zalandela, kwaye ilizwe letshokholethi yodidi lwemveliso lalifikile.
I-Chocolate kunye ne-nut brownies.
UBUMPERIALI NOBUKHOBOKA
Nangona kunjalo amanqanaba aphezulu okusebenzisa afuna imveliso enkulu, kwaye iYurophu ihlala itsalela kubukhosi bayo ukondla abemi bayo abanqwenela itshokolethi.Njengezinto ezininzi zorhwebo zeli xesha, ubukhoboka yayiyinto engaphakathi kwikhonkco lokubonelela.
Kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha, itshokolethi etyiwa eParis naseLondon naseMadrid yaba, hayi iLatin America neCaribbean, kodwa yaba yiAfrika.Ngokutsho kweAfrica Geographic, ikhokao yafika kweli lizwekazi ngendlela yaseSão Tomé nasePríncipe, isiqithi esikude nonxweme loMbindi Afrika.Ngowe-1822, xa iSão Tomé nePríncipe yayilithanga loBukhosi bamaPhuthukezi, uJoão Baptista Silva waseBrazil wavelisa esi sityalo.Ngeminyaka yoo-1850, imveliso yanda – konke oko kwakusisiphumo sokusebenza kwamakhoboka.
Ngowe-1908, iSão Tomé nePríncipe yayiyeyona mveliso yekhokho inkulu ehlabathini.Nangona kunjalo, esi yayiza kuba sisihloko sexesha elifutshane.Uluntu lwaseBhritani ngokubanzi lweva iingxelo zomsebenzi wamakhoboka kwiifama zekhokho eSão Tomé nasePríncipe naseCadbury kwanyanzeleka ukuba bajonge kwenye indawo - kule meko, eGhana.
KwiIintlanga zeChocolate: Ukuphila kunye nokuFa ngenxa yeChocolate eNtshona Afrika, U-Órla Ryan ubhala athi, “Ngowe-1895, ukuthunyelwa kwelizwe kumazwe angaphandle kwafikelela kwiitoni ezingama-77,000 zeemetric, uninzi lwale khokho luvela eMzantsi Merika nakwiCaribbean.Ngowe-1925, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwafikelela kwiitoni ezingaphezu kwama-500,000 yaye iGold Coast yayisele iphambili ekuthengiseni ikokhoa kwamanye amazwe.”Namhlanje, unxweme oluseNtshona lusengoyena mvelisi mkhulu wekoko, onoxanduva lwe 70-80% yetshokholethi yehlabathi.
UClarence-Smith usixelela ukuba “ikoko yayikhuliswa ikakhulu ngamakhoboka kwimihlaba ngo-1765”, “nokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi… kwaphela ngo-1914”.Abaninzi bebengayi kuvumelana nenxalenye yokugqibela yaloo mazwi, besalatha kwiingxelo eziqhubekayo zokuqeshwa kwabantwana, ukurhweba ngabantu, nokuba ngamakhoboka etyala.Ngaphezu koko, kusekho intlupheko enkulu phakathi koluntu oluvelisa i-cocoo eNtshona Afrika (uninzi lwabo, ngokutsho kukaRyan, ngabanini abancinci).
Iingxowa ezigcwele iimbotyi zekoko.
UKUPHUMA KWETSHOKOLETI EQINILE & ICACAO
Itshokholethi yodidi lwentengiso ilawula imarike yanamhlanje yehlabathi, ukanti itshokholethi entle kunye nekoko ziyaqala ukuvela.Icandelo lemarike elizinikeleyo likulungele ukuhlawula amaxabiso eprimiyamu yetshokholethi ekumgangatho ophezulu, ngokwethiyori, eveliswe ngokuziphatha.Aba bathengi balindele ukungcamla umahluko kwimvelaphi, ezahlukeneyo, kunye neendlela zokusetyenzwa.Bawakhathalele amabinzana afana nelithi “imbotyi ukuya kwibha”.
I-Fine Cacao kunye neChocolate Institute, eyasungulwa ngo-2015, ifumana inkuthazo kwishishini lekofu ekhethekileyo ekudaleni imigangatho yetshokholethi kunye ne-cocoo.Ukusuka kumaphepha okungcamla kunye neziqinisekiso ukuya kwingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nokuba yintoni icocoo entle, ishishini lithatha amanyathelo ajolise kushishino olulawulwayo olubeka phambili umgangatho ozinzileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwetshokholethi kuye kwavela kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo-kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya kuqhubeka nokutshintsha kwixesha elizayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-25-2023
